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Pic of Large Spider and Babies on Wall

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Family of spiders

Jumping spiders

Temporal range: Palaeogene–present

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PlatycryptusUndatusFemale.jpg
Adult female Platycryptus undatus
Scientific nomenclature e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Infraorder: Araneomorphae
Family unit: Salticidae
Blackwall, 1841
Genera

Come across Listing of Salticidae genera.

Variety
600+ genera, 6000+ species
Distribution.salticidae.1.png

Jumping spiders are a grouping of spiders that found the family Salticidae. As of 2019, this family unit contained over 600 described genera and over vi,000 described species,[ane] making it the largest family of spiders at 13% of all species.[2] Jumping spiders have some of the best vision among arthropods and use it in courtship, hunting, and navigation. Although they normally move unobtrusively and fairly slowly, nearly species are capable of very agile jumps, notably when hunting, simply sometimes in response to sudden threats or crossing long gaps. Both their book lungs and tracheal system are well-developed, and they use both systems (bimodal breathing). Jumping spiders are generally recognized by their eye pattern. All jumping spiders take four pairs of optics, with the anterior median pair being particularly large.

Distinguishing characteristics [edit]

Salticidae male anterior and dorsal aspects, showing positions of eyes

Jumping spiders[3] are among the easiest to distinguish from similar spider families because of the shape of the cephalothorax and their eye patterns. The families closest to Salticidae in full general advent are the Corinnidae (distinguished also by prominent spines on the back four legs), the Oxyopidae (the lynx spiders, distinguished past very prominent spines on all legs), and the Thomisidae (the crab spiders, distinguished by their front four legs, which are very long and powerful). None of these families, nevertheless, have eyes that resemble those of the Salticidae. Conversely, the legs of jumping spiders are non covered with any very prominent spines. Their front four legs by and large are larger than the hind 4, but not as dramatically so as those of the crab spiders, nor are they held in the outstretched-artillery mental attitude characteristic of the Thomisidae.[4] In spite of the length of their front legs, Salticidae depend on their rear legs for jumping. The generally larger front legs are used partly to assist in grasping prey,[5] and in some species, the forepart legs and pedipalps are used in species-recognition signalling.

The jumping spiders, unlike the other families, take faces that are roughly rectangular surfaces perpendicular to their direction of move. In effect this means that their forward-looking, anterior optics are on "flat faces", every bit shown in the photographs. Their eye pattern is the clearest single identifying characteristic. They have viii eyes, as illustrated.[4] [five] Virtually diagnostic are the front row of four optics, in which the inductive median pair are more than dramatically prominent than whatever other spider eyes autonomously from the posterior median eyes of the Deinopidae. At that place is, withal, a radical functional difference between the major (AME) eyes of Salticidae and the major (PME) eyes of the Deinopidae; the large posterior eyes of Deinopidae are adjusted mainly to vision in dim light, whereas the large anterior eyes of Salticidae are adapted to detailed, three-dimensional vision for purposes of estimating the range, management, and nature of potential prey, permitting the spider to direct its attacking leaps with great precision. The anterior lateral eyes, though large, are smaller than the AME and provide a wider forrard field of vision.

The rear row of four eyes may exist described as strongly bent, or equally being rearranged into two rows, with two large posterior lateral eyes existence the furthest back. They serve for lateral vision. The posterior median eyes besides have been shifted out laterally, almost as far equally the posterior lateral optics. They are usually much smaller than the posterior lateral optics and at that place is doubt about whether they are at all functional in many species.

The body length of jumping spiders mostly ranges from one to 25 mm (0.04–0.98 in).[4] [6] The largest is Hyllus giganteus,[6] while other genera with relatively large species include Phidippus, Philaeus and Plexippus.[7]

In addition to using their silk for rubber lines while jumping, they also build silken "pup tents", where they have shelter from bad conditions and slumber at night. They molt in these shelters, build and store egg cases in them, and also spend the winter in them.[8]

Habitat [edit]

Jumping spiders live in a diverseness of habitats. Tropical forests harbor the nigh species, but they are besides establish in temperate forests, scrubland, deserts, intertidal zones, and mountainous regions. Euophrys omnisuperstes is the species reported to take been collected at the highest elevation, on the slopes of Mount Everest.[ix]

Vision [edit]

The visual fields of a jumping spider

Jumping spiders have four pairs of eyes; iii secondary pairs that are fixed and a principal pair that is movable.

The posterior median eyes (PMEs) are vestigial in many species, but in some primitive subfamilies, they are comparable in size with the other secondary eyes and aid to detect movement.[10] While unable to course images, the reduced pair of eyes is thought to have a role similar to that of insect ocelli by receiving light from the sky. The photoreceptors in the other secondary pairs are almost exclusively light-green-sensitive, but the PMEs accept two visual pigments unlike from those in all the other eyes, sensitive to blue and UV light.[eleven]

The posterior lateral eyes (PLEs) are wide-bending motion detectors that sense motions from the side and behind. Combined with the other eyes, PLEs give the spider a virtually 360° view of the earth.

The anterior lateral eyes (ALEs) have the best visual acuity of the secondary eyes.[12] They are able to distinguish some details, too, and without them, no "looming response" can be triggered past move.[13] Even with all the other pairs covered, jumping spiders in a study could still detect, stalk, and set on flies, using their ALEs only, which are also sufficiently widely spaced to provide stereoscopic vision.[14]

The anterior median optics (AMEs) accept very practiced vision. This pair of optics is built similar a telescopic tube with a corneal lens in the front and a second lens in the dorsum that focus images onto a four-layered retina, a narrow, boomerang-shaped strip oriented vertically.[15] [16] Physiological experiments have shown they may have upwardly to iv different kinds of receptor cells, with different absorption spectra, giving them the possibility of tetrachromatic color vision, with sensitivity extending into the ultraviolet (UV) range.[17] As the eyes are likewise close together to permit depth perception, and the animals do not make utilise of motion parallax, they have evolved a method called paradigm defocus, instead. Of the four photoreceptor layers in the retina, the two closest to the surface contain UV-sensitive pigments, while the two deepest contain greenish-sensitive pigments. The incoming greenish light is only focused on the deepest layer, while the other one receives defocused or fuzzy images. Past measuring the amount of defocus from the fuzzy layer, calculating the distance to the objects in front of them is possible.[18] [19] In addition to receptor cells, ruby filters likewise have been detected, located in forepart of the cells that normally register green light.[20] All salticids, regardless of whether they have two, three, or iv kinds of color receptors, seemingly are highly sensitive to UV calorie-free.[17] Some species (for example, Cosmophasis umbratica) are highly dimorphic in the UV spectrum, suggesting a role in sexual signaling.[21] Color discrimination has been demonstrated in behavioral experiments.

The principal, AMEs take high resolution (xi min visual angle),[22] merely the field of vision is narrow, from 2 to five°. The central region of the retina, where acuity is highest, is no more 6 or 7 receptor rows wide. Even so, the eye tin can scan objects off the direct axis of vision. Every bit the lens is attached to the carapace, the center's scanning movements are restricted to its retina through a complicated pattern of translations and rotations.[23] This dynamic aligning is a means of compensation for the narrowness of the static field of vision. It is analogous to the way about primates motility their eyes to focus images of interest onto their fovea centralis. Such movements within the jumping spider's eyes are visible from outside when the attending of the spider is directed to various targets.[24]

Behavior [edit]

Jumping spiders are generally diurnal, active hunters. Their well-developed internal hydraulic system extends their limbs by altering the pressure of their torso fluid (hemolymph) within them. This enables the spiders to jump without having large muscular legs like a grasshopper. Most jumping spiders tin can jump several times the length of their bodies. When a jumping spider is moving from place to identify, and especially just before information technology jumps, it tethers a filament of silk (or 'dragline') to whatever it is standing on to protect itself if the leap should fail.[8] Should it fall, for example if the casualty shakes it off, it climbs support the silk tether. Some species, such as Portia, actually let themselves down to attack prey such as a web spider apparently secure in the heart of its spider web. Similar many other spiders that leave practically continuous silk trails, jumping spiders impregnate the silk line with pheromones that play a role in social and reproductive communication, and possibly in navigation.

Certain species of jumping spiders accept been shown past experiment to be capable of learning, recognizing, and remembering colors, and adapting their hunting behavior appropriately.[25]

Hunting [edit]

The hunting behaviour of the Salticidae is confusingly varied compared to that of nigh spiders in other families.[26] Salticids hunt diurnally as a rule, which is consistent with their highly developed visual arrangement. When it detects potential casualty, a jumping spider typically begins orienting itself by swivelling its cephalothorax to bring the AMEs to acquit. It then moves its abdomen into line with its cephalothorax. Later that, information technology might spend some time inspecting the object of its attention and determining whether a camouflaged or hundred-to-one item of casualty is promising, before it starts to stalk slowly forward. When close enough, the spider pauses to attach a dragline, then springs onto the casualty.

Many variations on the theme and many surprising aspects exist. For one, salticids do not necessarily follow a straight path in budgeted prey. They may follow a circuitous form, sometimes even a course that takes the hunter through regions from which the casualty is not visible. Such circuitous adaptive behaviour is hard to reconcile with an organism that has such a tiny brain, but some jumping spiders, in particular some species of Portia, can negotiate long detours from i bush-league down to the ground, then up the stem of another bush-league to capture a casualty particular on a particular foliage.[27] Such behaviour still is the subject area of research.[26]

Some salticid species are continually on the motion, stopping periodically to look around for prey, which they then stem immediately. Others spend more fourth dimension scanning their surroundings from one position, actively stalking whatever prey they detect. Members of the genus Phaeacius take that strategy to extremes; they sit on a tree trunk, facing down and rarely exercise any stalking, but only lunge down on whatsoever prey items that pass close before them.[26]

Some Salticidae specialise in particular classes of casualty, such as ants. Most spiders, including well-nigh salticids, avoid worker ants, but several species not only eat them as a primary item in their diets, but as well employ specialised assault techniques; Anasaitis canosa, for example, circles around to the front of the pismire and grabs it over the back of its head. Such myrmecophagous species, however, do not necessarily refuse other prey items, and routinely catch flies and similar prey in the usual salticid fashion, without the special precautions they apply in hunting dangerous prey such every bit ants. Ants offering the advantages of beingness plentiful casualty items for which little competition from other predators occurs, but catching less chancy prey when it presents itself remains profitable.[26]

Some of the most surprising hunting behaviours occur among the araneophagous Salticidae, and vary greatly in method. Many of the spider-hunting species quite usually attack other spiders, whether fellow salticids or non, in the same fashion as any other prey, merely some kinds resort to web invasion; nonspecialists such as Phidippus audax sometimes attack casualty ensnared in webs, basically in acts of kleptoparasitism; sometimes they leap onto and swallow the web occupant itself, or simply walk over the web for that purpose.

Salticidae in the genera Brettus, Cyrba, Gelotia, and Portia display more avant-garde spider web-invasion behavior. They slowly advance onto the web and vibrate the silk with their pedipalps and legs. In this respect, their behaviour resembles that of the Mimetidae, probably the most specialised of the araneophagous spider families. If the spider web occupant approaches in the manner appropriate to dealing with ensnared prey, the predator attacks.[26]

The foregoing examples nowadays the Salticidae equally textbook examples of active hunters; they would inappreciably seem likely to build webs other than those used in reproductive activities, and in fact, well-nigh species really do non build webs to catch casualty. However, exceptions occur, though even those that practice build capture webs generally also get hunting similar other salticids. Some Portia species, for case, spin capture webs that are functional, though non as impressive equally some orb webs of the Araneidae; Portia webs are of an unusual funnel shape and apparently adapted to the capture of other spiders. Spartaeus species, though, largely capture moths in their webs. In their review of the ethology of the Salticidae, Richman and Jackson speculate on whether such web edifice is a relic of the evolution of this family from web-building ancestors.[26]

In hunting, the Salticidae also use their silk every bit a tether to enable them to attain prey that otherwise would exist inaccessible. For example, past advancing towards the prey to less than the jumping distance, then retreating and leaping in an arc at the stop of the tether line, many species can leap onto casualty on vertical or even on inverted surfaces, which of course in a gravitational field would not be possible without such a tether.

Having made contact with the casualty, hunting Salticidae administer a bite to inject rapid-acting venom that gives the victim little fourth dimension to react.[28] In this respect, they resemble the Mimetidae and Thomisidae, families that deadfall casualty that often are larger than the predator, and they do so without securing the victim with silk; they accordingly must immobilise it immediately and their venom is adjusted accordingly.

This pocket-sized female person jumping spider (Hyllus semicupreus) successfully captured a grasshopper that is much larger and stronger than she is. The grasshopper tried to escape, but the spider immobilized it using the venom she injected, and the "dragline" helped her hold her position with respect to the casualty object.

Diet [edit]

A camouflaged Menemerus sp. jumping spider with a captured male ant

Although jumping spiders are generally carnivorous, many species accept been known to include nectar in their diets,[29] and ane species, Bagheera kiplingi, feeds primarily on constitute matter.[30] None are known to feed on seeds or fruit. Extrafloral nectaries on plants, such every bit Chamaecrista fasciculata (partridge pea), provide jumping spiders with nectar; the found benefits appropriately when the spiders prey on any pests they discover.

The female of the Southeast Asian species Toxeus magnus feeds its offspring with a milky, nutritious fluid for the commencement 40 days of their lives.[31]

Reproduction [edit]

Courting and mating behavior [edit]

Jumping spiders conduct complex, visual courtship displays using both movements and physical bodily attributes. Unlike females, males possess plumose hairs, colored or iridescent hairs (peculiarly pronounced in the peacock spiders), front end leg fringes, structures on other legs, and other, often bizarre, modifications. These characteristics are used in a courting "dance" in which the colored or iridescent parts of the body are displayed. In add-on to the display of colors, jumping spiders perform complex sliding, vibrational, or zigzag movements to attract females. Many males accept auditory signals, as well. These amplified sounds presented to the females resemble buzzes or drum rolls.[32] Species vary greatly in visual and vibratory components of courtship.[33] Many species have patches of UV reflectance, which are exhibited in mature males.[34] [35] This visual component is used by some female jumping spiders for mate choice.[36]

If receptive to the male, the female assumes a passive, crouching position. In some species, the female person may also vibrate her palps or abdomen. The male and then extends his front end legs towards the female to touch on her. If the female remains receptive, the male climbs on her back and inseminates her with his palps.[37]

Consequences of sexual dimorphism [edit]

Maintaining colorful ornamentation may seem strictly beneficial to sexual selection, notwithstanding costs to maintain such distinguishing characteristics occur.[36] While colorful or UV-reflecting individuals may attract more female spiders, information technology tin too increase the take a chance of predation.[16]

Taxonomy [edit]

Classification within the spiders (Araneae)[38]

The monophyly of the family unit Salticidae is well established through both phylogenetic and morphological analyses. The sister group to Salticidae is the family Philodromidae.[39] [xl] Synapomorphies of the 2 families include loss of cylindrical gland spigots and loss of tapeta in the indirect optics.[40]

A 2015 revision of the Salticidae family divided it into 7 subfamilies:[41]

  • Onomastinae Maddison, 2015 – one extant genus
  • Asemoneinae Maddison, 2015 – iv extant genera (Hindumanes, originally placed hither, was moved to Lyssomaninae[42])
  • Lyssomaninae Blackwall, 1877 – 3 extant genera (including Hindumanes)
  • Spartaeinae Wanless, 1984 – 29 extant genera in 3 tribes
  • Eupoinae Maddison, 2015 – iii extant genera
  • Hisponinae Simon, 1901 – 9 extant genera
  • Salticinae Blackwall, 1841 – nearly 540 extant genera in 27 tribes

The Salticinae subfamily is the virtually diverse, comprising over 90% of the known species of jumping spiders.[41]

Models for mimicry [edit]

Some pocket-sized insects are thought to have evolved an appearance or behavioural traits that resemble those of jumping spiders and this is suspected to prevent their predation, specifically from jumping spiders. Some examples appear to exist provided past patterns on the wings of some tephritid flies,[43] [44] the nymph of a fulgorid[45] and mayhap some moths.[46]

Fossils [edit]

Very few jumping spider fossils have been found. Of those known, all are from Cenozoic era amber. The oldest fossils are from Baltic amber dating to the Eocene epoch, specifically, 54 to 42 one thousand thousand years agone. Other fossil jumping spiders take been preserved within Chiapas amber and Dominican amber.[47]

See also [edit]

  • Peckhamia (periodical)
  • Spider taxonomy

References [edit]

  1. ^ "Currently valid spider genera and species". Globe Spider Catalog. Bern, Switzerland: Natur Historisches Museum, Bern. Retrieved 1 Feb 2019.
  2. ^ Peng, Xian-Jin; Tso, I-Min & Li, Shu-Qiang (2002). "V new and four newly recorded species of jumping spiders from Taiwan (Araneae: Salticidae)" (PDF). Zoological Studies. 41 (one): 1–12. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
  3. ^ Shah, Abhishek (24 August 2021). "Cute Jumping Spiders: Why are they so Friendly and Ambrosial?". Journey The Globe . Retrieved 26 Baronial 2021.
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  8. ^ a b Foelix, Rainer F. (1996). Biology of Spiders . Oxford University Printing. p. 11. ISBN978-0-674-07431-six.
  9. ^ Wanless, F. R. (1975). "Spiders of the family Salticidae from the upper slopes of Everest and Makalu". Bulletin of the British Arachnological Club. iii (5): 132–136.
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  15. ^ "Eye on the Web". Archopht.jamanetwork.com. 21 August 2007. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
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  17. ^ a b Peaslee, A.One thousand. & Wilson, 1000. (May 1989). "Spectral sensitivity in jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae)". Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 164 (3): 359–63. doi:10.1007/BF00612995. PMID 2709341. S2CID 21329083.
  18. ^ "Jumping Spiders' Unique Vision Revealed". Livescience.com. 26 January 2012. Retrieved 13 Baronial 2013.
  19. ^ Nagata, T.; et al. (2012). "Depth Perception from Image Defocus in a Jumping Spider". Science. 335 (6067): 469–71. doi:10.1126/science.1211667. PMID 22282813. S2CID 8039638.
  20. ^ Filters let jumping spiders spot flashy mates
  21. ^ (Lim & Li, 2005).
  22. ^ Country, MF (1969). "Construction of the Retinae of the Primary Eyes of Jumping Spiders (Salticidae: Dendryphantinae) in Relation to Visual Eyes". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 51 (2): 443–seventy. doi:10.1242/jeb.51.2.443. PMID 5351425.
  23. ^ "Topic: Scanning eyes in molluscs and arthropods". Mapoflife.org. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  24. ^ State, M. F. (1969). "Movements of the retinae of jumping spiders (Salticidae: Dendryphantinae) in response to visual stimuli" (PDF). The Journal of Experimental Biology. 51 (ii): 471–93. doi:10.1242/jeb.51.2.471. PMID 5351426.
  25. ^ Jakob, Elizabeth M.; et al. (2007). "Jumping spiders associate food with color cues in a T-maze" (PDF). Journal of Arachnology. 35 (iii): 487–492. doi:10.1636/JOA-ST06-61.ane. S2CID 49362173.
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  28. ^ National Geographic video of capture of bee by jumping spider. Youtube.com (27 February 2009). Retrieved on 4 May 2013.
  29. ^ Jackson, Robert R.; Simon D. Pollard; Ximena J. Nelson; G. B. Edwards; Alberto T. Barrion (2001). "Jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) that feed on nectar" (PDF). Journal of Zoology, London. 255: 25–29. doi:10.1017/S095283690100108X.
  30. ^ Milius, Susan (30 August 2008). "Vegetarian Spider". Scientific discipline News . Retrieved ix April 2009.
  31. ^ Chen, Zhanqi; Corlett, Richard T.; Jiao, Xiaoguo; et al. (30 November 2018). "Prolonged milk provisioning in a jumping spider". Science. 362 (6418): 1052–1055. doi:10.1126/science.aat3692. PMID 30498127.
  32. ^ Elias, DO; Mason, AC; Maddison, WP; Hoy, RR (2003). "Seismic signals in a courting male jumping spider". The Journal of Experimental Biological science. 206 (22): 4029–4039. doi:10.1242/jeb.00634. PMID 14555743.
  33. ^ Morelle, Rebecca (2 May 2008) " Study sheds calorie-free on spider sex activity", BBC News.
  34. ^ Lim, Matthew Fifty. M.; Li, Daiqin (2006). "Extreme Ultraviolet Sexual Dimorphism in Jumping Spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)". Biological Periodical of the Linnean Society. 89 (iii): 397–406. doi:ten.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00704.x.
  35. ^ (Lim, Matthew L. M., and Daiqin Li. "Courting and Male-Male Agonistic Behaviour of Comsophasis Umbratica Simon, an Ornate Jumping Spider (Araneae: Salticidae)." The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology (2004): 52(2): 435-448. National University of Singapore. Web. xx September 2015.)
  36. ^ a b Bulbert, Matthew W., James C. O'Hanlon, Shane Zappettini, Shichang Zhang, and Daiqin Li. "Sexually Selected UV Signals in the Tropical Ornate Jumping Spider, Cosmophasis umbratica, May Incur Costs from Predation." Environmental and Evolution (2015): 5(four): 914-920. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Web. 20 September 2015.
  37. ^ Foelix, Rainer F. (1996). Biology of Spiders . Oxford University Press. pp. 195–197. ISBN978-0-674-07431-6.
  38. ^ Wheeler, Ward C.; Coddington, Jonathan A.; Crowley, Louise G.; et al. (December 2016). "The spider tree of life: phylogeny of Araneae based on target-gene analyses from an extensive taxon sampling". Cladistics. 33 (6): 574–616. doi:10.1111/cla.12182. S2CID 35535038.
  39. ^ Ramírez, Martín J. (27 June 2014). "The morphology and phylogeny of dionychan spiders (Araneae, Araneomorphae)". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History (390): 313. ISSN 0003-0090.
  40. ^ a b Azevedo, Guilherme H. F.; Bougie, Tierney; Carboni, Martin; Hedin, Marshal; Ramírez, Martín J. (January 2022). "Combining genomic, phenotypic and Sanger sequencing data to elucidate the phylogeny of the two-clawed spiders (Dionycha)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 166. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107327. ISSN 1055-7903.
  41. ^ a b Maddison, Wayne P. (Nov 2015). "A phylogenetic classification of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)". Periodical of Arachnology. 43 (3): 231–292. doi:10.1636/arac-43-03-231-292. S2CID 85680279.
  42. ^ Sudhin, P.P.; Nafin, K.S. & Sudhikumar, A.V. (2017). "Revision of Hindumanes Logunov, 2004 (Araneae: Salticidae: Lyssomaninae), with description of a new species from the Western Ghats of Kerala, India". Zootaxa. 4350 (2): 317–330. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4350.ii.7. PMID 29245556.
  43. ^ Whitman, D.Due west; Orsak, L; Greene, Due east. (1988). "Spider mimicry in fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae): Farther experiments on the deterrence of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) by Zonosemata vittigera (Coquillett)". Register of the Entomological Society of America. 81 (3): 532–536. doi:x.1093/aesa/81.iii.532.
  44. ^ Rao, D.; Díaz-Fleischer, F. (2012). "Characterisation of Predator-Directed Displays in Tephritid Flies". Ethology. 118 (12): 1165–1172. doi:10.1111/eth.12021.
  45. ^ Zolnerowich, Gregory (1992). "A Unique Amycle Nymph (Homoptera: Fulgoridae) That Mimics Jumping Spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)". Journal of the New York Entomological Society. 100 (iii): 498–502. JSTOR 25009980.
  46. ^ Rota J, Wagner DL (2006). "Predator Mimicry: Metalmark Moths Mimic Their Jumping Spider Predators". PLOS ONE. 1 (ane): e45. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000045. PMC1762363. PMID 17183674.
  47. ^ Colina, David Edwin (7 October 2009). "Salticidae of the Antarctic land bridge" (PDF). Peckhamia.

Further reading [edit]

  • Vasilevsky, M. (2012). A Classical Taxonomic Guide to Identifying Fifty Unique North American Jumping Spiders. Lulu. [ cocky-published source? ]
  • Kaston, B.J. (1953). How to Know the Spiders . Pictured fundamental nature series (1st ed.). Dubuque, IA: West.C. Dark-brown Co. OCLC 681432632.
  • Forster, 50.Thousand. (1982). "Vision and prey-communicable strategies in jumping spiders". American Scientist. lxx: 165–175.
  • Jackson, R.R. (1982). "The behavior of communicating in jumping spiders (Salticidae)". In Witt, P.; Rovner, J. (eds.). Spider Communication Mechanisms and Ecological Significance. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Academy Press. pp. 213–247. OCLC 951407473.
  • Jackman, John A. (1997). A Field Guide to Spiders & Scorpions of Texas. Houston, TX: Gulf Publishing Company. p. 127.
  • Nakamura, T.; Yamashita, S. (2000). "Learning and discrimination of colored papers in jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae)". Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 186 (9): 897–901. doi:ten.1007/s003590000143. PMID 11085642. S2CID 30508656.
  • Elias, D.O.; Mason, A.C.; Maddison, Due west.P.; Hoy, R.R. (2003). "Seismic signals in a courting male jumping spider (Araneae: Salticidae)". Journal of Experimental Biology. 206 (22): 4029–4039. doi:10.1242/jeb.00634. PMID 14555743.
  • Lim, M.L.M.; Li, D. (2005). "Extreme ultraviolet sexual dimorphism in jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 89 (3): 397–406. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00704.x.

External links [edit]

  • Asian jumping spiders and photograph references
  • Comprehensive resource on the morphology and taxonomy of jumping spiders (Salticidae): www.jumping-spiders.com
  • Global Species Database of Salticidae
  • Video of a jumping spider'due south mating behavior
  • Earth Spider Catalog
  • Jumping Spiders of NW-Europe
  • Jumping spiders of Commonwealth of australia
  • American Jumping Spiders – 70 Species Videos (includes introduction to salticids, predation, mating, and other behaviors)
  • Movies of Habronattus courting behavior
  • The Australian Faunal Directory taxonomic nomenclature of Australian salticids

kellerharys1962.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumping_spider

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